| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charlemagne | King of Franks from 768 to 814; he united much of France, Germany and northern Italy in one Frankish empire; crowned Emperor of the Roman people in 800 |
| Papal States | a region in central Italy ruled by the pope. |
| Counts | officials chosen by Charlemagne to rule parts of his empire in his name. |
| Navigation | planning a course of travel, such as the Vikings crossing the sea. |
| Leif Eriksson | Viking who led settlers to the eastern shores of what is now Canada. |
| Knights | highly skilled soldiers who fought on horseback. |
| Fief | land given to a knight in exchange for his services |
| Vassal | a person who accepts a fief from a lord |
| Feudal System | the political and social of exchanging land for service |
| Fealty | a knight? s loyalty to the lord who gives him land |
| Manorial System | an economic system built around large estates called manors |
| Serfs | people who were legally tied to a manor on which they worked |
| Alfred the Great | King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo Saxon England under his control. He complied a code of laws and promoted learning. |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066 |
| Domesday Book | the record of William? s survey of England's people and their property |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | Powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with Him. |
| Magna Carta | document that restricted the king of England?s power, constricted to be the first step toward democracy in England |
| Parliament | governing body that was the result of the King? s council in the 1260s and which still makes England? s laws today |
| Hugh Capet | first ruler from the Capetian dynasty that ruled and expanded France |
| Otto the Great | Saxon duke who became emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor in the early 900s |
| Reconquista | Christian leaders' effort to retake Iberian peninsula from then Moors |
| Piety | a person?s level of devotion to a religon |
| Pontificate | term of office of a particular pope |
| Pope Gregory VII | pope who excommunicated Henry IV , showing that a pope could stand up to an emperor |
| Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor who clashed with Pope Gregory VII in 1705 |
Chapter 13